The Evolution of Microphysiological Systems: From Concept to Multi-Organ Interactions
For decades, the pharmaceutical industry has grappled with a persistent and costly bottleneck: the translation gap. Despite billions of dollars poured into research and development, over 90% of novel therapeutics fail in human clinical trials. A primary culprit is the reliance on traditional preclinical models—namely, flat 2D cell cultures and animal testing—which often fail to...
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